https://www.zotero.org/support/ 2026-05-12T22:39:29+00:00 https://www.zotero.org/support/ https://www.zotero.org/support/lib/tpl/zotero-theme/images/favicon.ico text/html 2017-11-22T15:41:53+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/addcitationdialog_raised?rev=1511383313&do=diff Can I prevent the "Add Citation" dialog from the word processor plugins from moving behind the word processor window? Yes, by changing the hidden preference extensions.zotero.integration.keepAddCitationDialogRaised. kb word_processors text/html 2017-11-22T14:05:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/adding_a_letter_or_memo?rev=1511377515&do=diff How do I add a letter or memo? Click the green new item button and select “Letter”. Use Author for the sender of the letter. To add a recipient click the + sign on the author line in the right column. This will create an additional Author line. If you click the triangle to the left of the new author field you will be able to change Author to Recipient. Enter the type of letter (memo, telegram, etc.) in the text/html 2018-07-31T12:42:32+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/addon_could_not_be_downloaded?rev=1533055352&do=diff This article applies to the deprecated Zotero for Firefox (pre-Zotero 5.0) plugin. It no longer applies to the current versions of Zotero. "The add-on could not be downloaded because of a connection failure on www.zotero.org." This message previously could appear when attempting to download Zotero Firefox extensions on systems or networks that intercepted secure (HTTPS) connections to zotero.org. We've since put a workaround in place that allows installations to take place over such connection… text/html 2017-11-22T15:15:52+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/address_bar_icon_appears_slowly?rev=1511381752&do=diff Sometimes the icon for a book/article/etc doesn’t appear in the address bar right away. What’s going on? Zotero must wait for the entire page to load before it can check for an item on the page. Sometimes there are elements of the page (a large image, e.g.) that take time to load and thus delay Zotero’s activity. text/html 2017-11-20T08:20:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/ams_alphabetic?rev=1511184021&do=diff Does Zotero support label/authorship trigraph styles, like [ddb98]? Not yet fully. Zotero's citation processor, citeproc-js will automatically create values for the “citation-label” variable in CSL styles consisting of four inital letters from author names See text/html 2017-11-22T13:28:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/annotation_sync?rev=1511375294&do=diff Do annotations sync? PDFs If you annotate your PDF files using third-party software (such as Adobe Reader, FoxIt, PDF-XChange, or Mac OS X's Preview) that writes annotations to the file, the synced file will include your annotations. HTML snapshots text/html 2023-01-31T07:41:25+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/annotations_in_database?rev=1675168885&do=diff Why does Zotero store PDF annotations in its database instead of in the PDF file? The new PDF reader in Zotero 6 makes PDF reading and annotation a first-class part of the Zotero experience. To enable this tight integration, Zotero stores annotations in the Zotero database, not in the PDF file. This allows for fast, conflict-free syncing, including in groups, and enables advanced functionality that wouldn't be possible otherwise. text/html 2017-11-22T14:06:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/archival_or_other_unpublished_sources?rev=1511377576&do=diff How do I add an archival or other unpublished source? Click the green new item button and select “Manuscript”. Enter the type of source (press release, draft, field notes, lecture notes, etc.) in the “Type” field. Use “Loc. in Archive” field to enter location of the document, i.e. box, folder, record group, etc. Use the text/html 2026-01-25T14:48:24+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/attachment_title_vs_filename?rev=1769370504&do=diff Why do attachments have names like “PDF” or “Accepted Version” instead of their filenames in the items list? Attachments have two separate names: the attachment title shown in the items list and the filename of the file on disk. Zotero automatically renames files on disk based on parent item metadata such as the title and authors. Since the parent item row in the items list already displays that metadata, Zotero doesn't show the filename directly in the items list. Instead, it uses simpler att… text/html 2017-11-22T08:12:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/automatic_capitalization?rev=1511356327&do=diff How do I turn off automatic case changes/capitalization during item import? By default, Zotero will try to clean up casing/capitalization of item titles when items are imported (e.g., titles in ALL CAPS will be converted Title Case). To disable this function, follow these steps: text/html 2018-07-31T13:06:25+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/automatically_adding_an_article?rev=1533056785&do=diff How do I automatically add a book or article to Zotero? See . kb entry text/html 2017-11-20T07:33:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/bibliographies_in_different_languages?rev=1511181197&do=diff Can I use Zotero in one language and create bibliographies in another? Yes, see . kb styles text/html 2024-08-29T01:03:01+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/browser_console?rev=1724907781&do=diff How do I find the browser console? The browser console is often used to identify problems with a webpage, and Zotero developers may ask you to check your browser console for errors to help troubleshoot a problem with the web library or ZoteroBib. You can open your browser's console using the following key combination: text/html 2026-01-15T21:58:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/cert_override?rev=1768532280&do=diff Overriding Security Certificate Errors in Zotero Note: These instructions are only for use with security software that intercepts/scans HTTPS connections, a WebDAV server with a self-signed certificate, or an institutional network that monitors encrypted traffic using a custom root certificate authority (CA). You should never override certificate errors unless you text/html 2025-05-28T09:26:55+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/changes_not_syncing?rev=1748438815&do=diff Why aren't changes I make syncing between multiple devices and/or zotero.org? This page covers problems with data syncing. For problems with file syncing, see Files Not Syncing. 1) Looking in the wrong place In Zotero libraries, all existing items are shown in either the library root or the trash. Make sure you're not looking in a collection that contains only some of your items. If you don't see the left pane in the Zotero desktop app, click the bar at the left edge of the window to show it,… text/html 2017-11-20T08:57:56+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/chicago_style_versions?rev=1511186276&do=diff I need to use Chicago style. Which of the three versions that come with Zotero should I use? Zotero ships with three variants of the Chicago style (formatted examples of each style are shown below). The author-date format is most popular in the physical, natural, and social sciences, whereas researchers in literary, historical, and artistic fields mostly use note-based styles. For the note-based variants, the notes can either be self-explanatory and come with or without a bibliography ( text/html 2019-10-31T01:53:29+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/citations_highlighted?rev=1572501209&do=diff Why are Zotero citations or bibliographies always highlighted in gray or another color? By default, Zotero stores the reference data for citations and the bibliography in Fields (Word) or Reference Marks (LibreOffice), which stores items' reference data hidden behind the formatted text. text/html 2023-07-24T21:54:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/citations_not_updating?rev=1690250051&do=diff Why is a citation not updated in my document after editing the item in Zotero? When you make changes to item data (title, author, date, etc.) in your Zotero library, those changes will be reflected in citations to those items in your word processor the next time you use the Zotero plugin's Refresh button. text/html 2020-04-05T13:41:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/citations_slow?rev=1586108482&do=diff Why is Zotero slow to insert citations or update the bibliography? When you insert a citation into a document using Zotero’s word processor plugin, Zotero needs to scan the entire document for citations to ensure correct formatting. Citation style requirements such as text/html 2024-09-04T00:37:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/citations_underlined?rev=1725424632&do=diff Why are my citations underlined with a dashed line? As you insert citations into your document, Zotero often needs to update other citations in the document and the bibliography to reflect the new citation. For example, if you insert a citation by an author with the same last name as another citation in the document, the style guidelines may require both names to include first initials to help readers tell the authors apart. text/html 2026-05-12T11:39:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/classic_citation_dialog?rev=1778600354&do=diff What happened to the “classic” citation dialog? The “classic” citation dialog was the original citation dialog in Zotero, introduced in in 2006 and replaced as the default dialog in 2011 by the “red bar” citation dialog, which allowed for faster searching and citing via the keyboard. The text/html 2024-08-16T17:31:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/collections_containing_an_item?rev=1723843869&do=diff How can I see what collections my item is in? Zotero 7 includes a section in the item pane showing a list of collections an item is in. You can also select the item and then hold down the Option key (macOS), Control key (Windows), or Alt (Zotero 6)/Ctrl (Zotero 7) key (Linux). This will highlight all collections that contain the selected item. text/html 2023-05-17T06:04:05+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/connection_error?rev=1684317845&do=diff "Error connecting to server. Check your Internet connection." When Zotero can't access the network, it's usually caused by proxy settings or security software on your computer. By default, Zotero uses any manually entered proxy servers or a proxy auto-config (PAC) text/html 2022-11-10T17:27:56+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/connector_permissions?rev=1668119276&do=diff Why is my browser saying the Zotero Connector needs access to my data on all websites? When you install the Zotero Connector in your browser, your browser will tell you the permissions required by the extension: * Chrome: “Read and change all your data on all websites text/html 2024-08-25T16:54:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/connector_zotero_unavailable?rev=1724619254&do=diff Zotero Connector: “Is Zotero Running?” When you click the Save to Zotero button in your browser or try to use Zotero with Google Docs, you may receive the following message: “The Zotero Connector was unable to communicate with the Zotero desktop application. text/html 2023-02-19T17:18:48+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/corrupted_database?rev=1676845128&do=diff What do I do if my Zotero database is corrupted? Zotero stores your information in a database file, zotero.sqlite, in the Zotero data directory. If the database becomes corrupted, Zotero may no longer be able to start up, or certain operations might fail. Database corruption generally occurs when the data directory is placed in a cloud storage folder or on a network drive. If you've moved your data directory to one of those places, you should move it back to the default location. You should text/html 2024-08-27T01:29:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/could_not_find_a_running_word_instance?rev=1724736554&do=diff “Could not find a running Word instance” This page only applies to the error “Could not find a running Word instance” when using the Zotero plugin in Word on Windows. For general word processor troubleshooting, see Word Processor Plugin Troubleshooting. Perform the following steps: text/html 2024-07-26T03:38:25+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/custom_pdf_resolvers?rev=1721979505&do=diff Custom PDF Resolvers Custom resolvers for currently can be configured via the extensions.zotero.findPDFs.resolvers hidden pref (Advanced preferences → Config Editor). The value should be a JSON string containing an array of configuration objects. text/html 2025-03-31T18:33:56+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/data_directory_in_cloud_storage_folder?rev=1743460436&do=diff Can I store my Zotero data directory in a cloud storage folder? No. Storing your Zotero data directory in a cloud storage folder (Dropbox, Google Drive, OneDrive, etc) is extremely likely to corrupt your database or break Zotero in unexpected ways, and it shouldn't be done. The same applies to essentially any database-backed program. text/html 2021-06-23T17:03:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/data_missing_after_zotero_5_upgrade?rev=1624482194&do=diff I upgraded to Zotero 5.0 and now my data is missing! How do I get it back? Zotero 4.0 and earlier stored data by default in a 'zotero' directory within either the Zotero profile directory or the Firefox profile directory. When you first start Zotero 5.0, it attempts to migrate your data directory to a new default location, a text/html 2025-11-28T03:20:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/debugging_broken_documents?rev=1764318002&do=diff Troubleshooting Errors in Word Processor Documents Follow the steps below for , , or . Microsoft Word If you get an error trying to use Zotero in a new, empty document, see Word Processor Plugin Troubleshooting. If you can insert citations into a new, empty Word document but get an error using Zotero in an text/html 2018-08-01T05:25:35+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/default_translators?rev=1533115535&do=diff Default translators Zotero has four translators that attempt to find useful bibliographic data on pages that are not recognized by any of the more specific site translators. You can tell what translator detected bibliographic data on a page by placing the cursor over the document icon in the address bar; the name of the translator will show up as a tooltip. A similar name is usually saved to the text/html 2017-11-12T19:53:29+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/dependent_independent_styles?rev=1510534409&do=diff Integrated into . text/html 2022-09-30T05:18:08+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/disk_io_error?rev=1664529488&do=diff Why am I getting a "disk I/O error" at Zotero startup? A disk I/O error is a general, unspecified problem with Zotero's ability to access your disk. If you have your Zotero data directory on a network drive or external disk, you should move it back to the local disk to avoid these kinds of problems. text/html 2017-11-19T10:34:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/doi_in_apa?rev=1511105642&do=diff DOI format in APA style Since the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system was introduced in 2000, guidelines on how to best display DOIs have evolved. Effective March 2017, Crossref, an influential DOI registration agency, now recommends the following format: text/html 2017-11-20T07:31:54+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/doi_in_bibliography?rev=1511181114&do=diff What are these DOIs doing in my bibliography? The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique identifier used to provide a permanent link to digital objects. DOIs are now issued to most (new) journal articles, as well as many books, book chapters, and other items. text/html 2022-03-25T13:28:40+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/doubled_highlights?rev=1648229320&do=diff Why do I see highlighted text twice in the PDF reader or in notes created from annotations? Some external PDF readers copy highlighted text into the annotation comment field to make it editable. Zotero parses and displays highlighted text itself and uses annotation comments as intended, for editable comments. If you then view annotations created externally within Zotero, you'll see the highlighted text twice. Often, the version of the highlighted text in the comment field will include extra lin… text/html 2022-01-06T14:01:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/edited_volumes_and_book_chapters?rev=1641495671&do=diff How do I add an edited volume or a book chapter? A book chapter from an edited volume is entered as a “Book Section”. Click the green new item button and select “Book Section”. You will now see both a “Title” field for the chapter title and a separate text/html 2018-06-27T08:55:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/editing_metadata?rev=1530104112&do=diff How can I edit item metadata? See . kb entry text/html 2022-09-01T04:45:57+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/endnote_import?rev=1662021957&do=diff How do I import from EndNote? Exporting Your Library from EndNote Zotero can't directly import “.enl” EndNote libraries, so the first step is exporting your library from EndNote. The best export format for this is XML. With older EndNote libraries, it may be necessary to convert figures to attachments before you export. This is done by going to the References menu → Figure and selecting text/html 2017-11-22T16:09:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/etymology_of_zotero?rev=1511384947&do=diff What does “Zotero” mean? The name “Zotero” is loosely based on the Albanian (yes, Albanian) word zotëroj, meaning “to acquire, to master,” as in learning. If you are interested in more info see linguist Mark Dingemanse's post on The Etymology of Zotero. kb text/html 2017-11-22T16:00:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/exhibit?rev=1511384417&do=diff These directions have not been updated in some time and may no longer be up to date. How do I get my Zotero collection to work with an Exhibit or Citeline presentation? The Simile Project, sponsored by MIT, has developed several JavaScript applications that help a Zotero user integrate a bibliography into a website. text/html 2023-10-21T10:02:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/existing_citations_not_detected?rev=1697896979&do=diff Why isn’t Zotero detecting my existing citations? If you've previously used one of Zotero's word processor plugins to insert citations into a document and later find that 1) the plugin says “You must insert a citation before performing this operation text/html 2017-11-22T12:58:55+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/exporting_from_endnote_with_pdfs?rev=1511373535&do=diff See Importing Records from Endnote. text/html 2025-11-24T16:23:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/exporting?rev=1764019402&do=diff How do I export my Zotero library? To export an entire library, right-click on it in the Zotero collections pane and choose “Export Library…”, or select “Export Library…” from the “File” menu. To export an individual collection, right-click on it and choose text/html 2017-11-22T10:16:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/field_mappings?rev=1511363777&do=diff Import/Export Field Mappings Zotero can import and export data in various bibliographic standards. This page links to mappings between Zotero fields and various standards. Please note: Import/export is not recommended for transferring entire Zotero libraries between systems, and, if you use Zotero's word processor plugins, links to Zotero items from existing word processor documents will be lost after an export/import. text/html 2025-09-13T01:17:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/file_handling_issues?rev=1757740624&do=diff File Handling Issues Unexpected behavior (wrong action, gibberish ("%PDF..."), etc.) when opening files from Zotero Deleting handlers.json from your profile directory and restarting Zotero may help fix file handling issues. handlers.json stores file handling associations and will be recreated automatically the next time you restart Zotero. text/html 2017-11-26T08:25:05+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/file_sync_errors?rev=1511702705&do=diff Why do I keep getting file sync errors while syncing? When attempting to sync many files to or from the Zotero servers — for example, when syncing a library on a computer for the first time — it's not uncommon to get intermittent file sync errors. A file sync can involve thousands of network requests, and network glitches or server load can result in a small percentage of those failing. While Zotero retries many such failures automatically, Zotero may occasionally stop trying to sync a file and… text/html 2025-06-05T01:09:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/files_not_syncing?rev=1749100155&do=diff Why am I getting “The attached file could not be found” when I try to open a file in Zotero? Short Answer Sync the device where you added the file. Unless you deleted the file outside of Zotero, you will still be able to open it on that device. After syncing, check for a sync error in the Zotero toolbar. text/html 2020-06-06T12:41:44+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/font_size?rev=1591461704&do=diff How do I change the font size of text in Zotero? You can change the font size for the user interface and for notes from the View menu. kb basics text/html 2025-10-28T10:02:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/given_name_disambiguation?rev=1761660166&do=diff Why do some citations include first names or initials? Sometimes you'll see Zotero produce citations like “(J. Doe, 2004)” even though your citation style normally only shows the author's last name (“Doe, 2004”). In these cases, Zotero is disambiguating different authors according to the rules of your selected citation style. This is generally what you want it to do, and if you think otherwise, you should carefully review your style's requirements. (APA style, for example, requires this sort of… text/html 2023-09-07T02:36:51+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/google_docs_citations_unlinked?rev=1694068611&do=diff Why isn’t Zotero detecting my existing Google Docs citations? Google Docs integration uses a different mechanism for storing citations than is used in the Word and LibreOffice plugins, and it can be easier for citations to accidentally become unlinked. The most common reason for unlinking is collaborators editing the document without having the Zotero Connector installed. To ensure Zotero citations stay linked, everyone editing the Google Doc should install the text/html 2017-11-19T10:28:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/google_scholar_locked_me_out?rev=1511105294&do=diff See Site Access Limits. text/html 2020-08-15T12:31:49+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/harvard_style?rev=1597509109&do=diff What is the official Harvard style? “Harvard style” is a popular name for the author-date type of parenthetical referencing. This way of referencing does not originate from Harvard University. There are many variants of “Harvard style” in use, and there is no text/html 2017-11-22T15:05:44+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/highlighting_and_annotating_pdfs?rev=1511381144&do=diff Can I highlight and annotate PDFs with Zotero? Zotero will open PDFs with your computer's default PDF viewer. You can annotate PDFs with a variety of programs, including Adobe Reader/Professional, FoxIt, Nuance PowerPDF, PDF-XChange, macOS Preview, Microsoft Reader. So long as the program saves the annotations to the PDF file, the annotations will sync with zotero.org and your other devices. text/html 2017-11-22T13:46:31+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/httpserver_enabled?rev=1511376391&do=diff This article applies to the deprecated Zotero for Firefox (pre-Zotero 5.0) plugin. It no longer applies to the current versions of Zotero. How can I use the Chrome or Safari Connectors with Zotero for Firefox? allow you to save items to Zotero from within browsers other than Firefox, using Zotero's site translators. Currently Zotero has to be open in order to save items through Zotero Connectors from most websites. text/html 2020-05-09T08:15:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/idem?rev=1589026522&do=diff How can subsequent occurences of the same author replaced by a fixed term/symbol? Some citation styles require to replace any subsequent occurences of the same author/bookauthor/editor by idem/eadem, their abbreviations id./ead., or some other term or symbol like a dash. text/html 2023-04-22T03:35:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/import_from_citavi?rev=1682148915&do=diff How can I import from Citavi? The best format for importing records from Citavi into Zotero is Citavi XML. This format will import the item bibliographic metadata, as well as quotations, tasks, attachments, etc. Beginning in Zotero 6, Zotero will also import PDF annotations. Zotero can import files exported from Citavi 5 and Citavi 6. text/html 2021-01-25T18:55:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/import_from_clipboard?rev=1611618946&do=diff How does the Import from Clipboard feature work? Import from Clipboard allows you to import items from the raw code of any supported format (RIS, BibTeX, CSL JSON, etc.). Whenever you're viewing raw bibliographic data, you can import it into Zotero simply by copying it to the clipboard and then choosing text/html 2025-11-01T13:27:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/importing_formatted_bibliographies?rev=1762018022&do=diff I have bibliographies in Microsoft Word documents, PDFs, and other text files. Can I import them into my Zotero library? Citations inserted using Zotero or Mendeley Desktop Zotero can read existing citations created by the Zotero and Mendeley Desktop (not Mendeley Cite) word processor plugins, allowing you to continue using those citations in the same document even if the items don't exist in your Zotero library. Simply click Add/Edit Citation, search for an existing citation, and select it fr… text/html 2018-11-04T14:44:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/importing_standardized_formats?rev=1541360640&do=diff How do I import BibTeX or other standardized formats? Zotero can import bibliographic data stored in a variety of standardized formats used by databases and other reference management tools. The most popular formats are RIS, Bib(La)Tex, and MODS. If you have a database stored in one of these formats, such as a BibTeX database you've compiled or a RIS database you've exported from another reference manager, you can import them into Zotero by clicking File → “Import…” and choosing text/html 2019-06-19T12:44:56+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/importing?rev=1560962696&do=diff How do I import references into Zotero? If you are moving to Zotero from another reference manager, see . For general use, the best method for adding items to Zotero is to use the Zotero Connector button in your web browser. See For information on using Zotero's import functions to add items to your library, see the text/html 2023-10-08T22:57:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/incomplete_cert_chain?rev=1696820220&do=diff "[domain] uses an invalid security certificate. The certificate is not trusted because […]" If a Zotero error report shows an error similar to the above for your institution's proxy or WebDAV server or a site you're trying to save from, there are two possibilities: text/html 2026-04-18T17:02:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/installing_on_a_chromebook?rev=1776546132&do=diff How Do I Install Zotero on a Chromebook? Step 1: Set up Linux on Chrome OS Following the steps from Google to Set up Linux on your Chromebook. Step 2: Open Terminal * After Linux is installed, you will notice a new app in your overflow menu (where all your app icons live) called Terminal. text/html 2017-11-19T10:42:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/italics_in_word_bibliographies?rev=1511106129&do=diff Missing Italics (or Italics-Only) in Word Bibliographies On rare occasions, you will find that your Zotero bibliography in Word is missing italics, even though those are required for book titles in the citation style you've chosen. Sometimes you will find the reverse: the entire bibliography is in italics. text/html 2018-02-17T14:17:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/item_count?rev=1518895066&do=diff How can I see how many items I have in my Zotero library? When no items are selected, Zotero's right-hand pane displays the number of items in the current view, so you can see the number of items in a given library or collection simply by making a selection in the left pane. If items are currently selected, click to another collection and back again to view the item count. text/html 2026-05-12T14:01:48+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/item_types_and_fields?rev=1778608908&do=diff Zotero Item Types and Fields This page provides general descriptions of Zotero item types and fields. It can be helpful when entering item data into Zotero manually. The page also provides guidance on ways to store information for unusual item types. text/html 2019-04-07T19:07:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/journal_abbreviations?rev=1554678430&do=diff Journal Abbreviations Many citation styles require that journal titles be abbreviated (e.g., using a journal abbreviation list). Zotero 4.0 and later can automatically abbreviate journal titles in Index Medicus/MEDLINE format. This option is available in the text/html 2017-11-12T19:53:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/keyboard_shortcuts_in_word_plugin?rev=1510534410&do=diff This page has . text/html 2025-08-25T00:47:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/keyboard_shortcuts?rev=1756097263&do=diff Zotero Keyboard Shortcuts Zotero Desktop App Note that the Shortcuts pane of the Zotero preferences allows you to change some of these keyboard shortcuts. Adding Items to your Zotero Library FunctionWindows/LinuxMac OSSave to ZoteroCtrl+Shift+SCmd+Shift+SCreate a New Item by Hand text/html 2018-07-31T12:46:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/legal_citations?rev=1533055583&do=diff Legal Citations: Juris-M Zotero has only limited support for creating citation for US and UK legal cases and legislation. Support for legal citations from other jurisdictions is even more limited. For legal scholars or researchers making heavy source of legal sources, we recommend considering text/html 2017-11-22T13:55:24+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/library_items?rev=1511376924&do=diff Library Item Overview A Zotero library is made up of “items”. Items can take several forms: regular items, attachments, and notes. All items can have tags applied to them and can be linked to related items. Regular Items The foundational elements in most Zotero libraries, text/html 2022-10-20T03:09:56+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/library_sorting?rev=1666249796&do=diff Can I change the way items are sorted in my library? Yes, see Sorting. kb organizing text/html 2017-11-22T07:47:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/links_vs_snapshots?rev=1511354840&do=diff What is the difference between Links and Snapshots? When you attach a link to an item, Zotero stores only the page title, URL, and access date, and you need to return to the site to view the page content. When you save a snapshot, Zotero saves a copy of the page as it currently exists and archives it on your computer. text/html 2020-06-05T11:29:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/linux_packaging?rev=1591370999&do=diff Does Zotero offer installable packages of Zotero for specific Linux distributions? No. Zotero is distributed as that can be extracted and run manually or packaged by others according to distribution-specific standards. Some that have been packaged are text/html 2022-02-10T05:00:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/mac_word_apple_silicon_compatibility?rev=1644487213&do=diff Zotero and Word Compatibility on Apple Silicon Macs To use Zotero with Microsoft Word on an Apple Silicon Mac, please make sure you're running macOS 11.4 or later. A bug in macOS 11.3 and earlier can cause Zotero to freeze when using the plugin. (If you previously set Word to open under Rosetta to work around this bug, you should select Word in Finder, go to File → Get Info, and uncheck text/html 2022-10-29T16:55:45+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/mac_word_permissions_missing?rev=1667076945&do=diff Zotero does not have permission to control Word Recent macOS versions include new security measures when a program attempts to control another program on the system. Zotero's Word for Mac plugin requires the permission for Zotero to be able to control Word. When you first interact with the Zotero Word plugin, you'll get a prompt asking for this permission: text/html 2017-11-22T15:09:37+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/manually_adding_items?rev=1511381377&do=diff How do I manually add a bibliographic item? You can manually add items by clicking the green circle with a plus icon above the middle column, selecting the appropriate item type, and filling in the bibliographic details in the right column. New items will appear in the “My Library” folder and can be organized into other folders. text/html 2019-10-27T13:26:51+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/media_creator_roles?rev=1572197211&do=diff How do I label different creator roles, such as Director or Producer, for films and other media? For citations to films, recordings, and broadcasts, Zotero currently has limited to support for labeling producers, scriptwriters, and some other Creator roles. text/html 2025-08-25T00:05:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/mendeley_import?rev=1756094717&do=diff How do I import a Mendeley library into Zotero? Zotero can directly import all data, including the full folder structure, from an online Mendeley library. To import your Mendeley library, follow these steps: * Make sure that all data and files have been synced to Mendeley servers. text/html 2025-08-25T00:02:37+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/mendeley_local_import?rev=1756094557&do=diff Importing a Mendeley Library Into Zotero (Alternative Local Method) Zotero can import from an online Mendeley library, and we recommend using that method if possible. If for some reason you're unable to perform an online import, it's possible to import from a local Mendeley Desktop database, but you'll first need to install an old version of Mendeley Desktop. Later versions of Mendeley Desktop began text/html 2017-11-22T15:41:32+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/merging_libraries?rev=1511383292&do=diff I have two Zotero libraries. How can I combine them? You will want to export one library as Zotero RDF and import the .rdf file into the second library. To do this, click “File” -> “Export Library…”. The default export format should be “ text/html 2017-11-22T15:21:06+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/merging_tags?rev=1511382066&do=diff How do I merge tags? Equivalent tags (e.g. “webpage” and “website”) can be merged by renaming one tag to the name of the other. Right-click one of the tags in the tag selector (bottom left of the Zotero pane), select “Rename Tag...” and enter the name of the matching tag. text/html 2022-08-16T17:17:38+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/minimum_macos_version?rev=1660684658&do=diff Why won't Zotero start up on my Mac running macOS 10.10 or earlier? If you start Zotero on a very old macOS version, it may fail to start, or you may receive this message: ““Zotero” is damaged and can’t be opened. You should move it to the Trash. text/html 2020-10-27T00:29:45+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/misconfigured_word_startup_folder?rev=1603772985&do=diff Why is Zotero telling me that my Word Startup folder is misconfigured? Zotero automatically installs the Word plugin into Word's Startup folder. If you've previously attempted to install the Word plugin manually, you may have accidentally changed the Startup folder to a location within the Zotero program files, which will prevent the plugin from working. If Zotero is telling you that your Startup folder is misconfigured, see text/html 2023-08-01T17:27:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/missing_item_tabs?rev=1690925239&do=diff Why don't I see any tabs in the item pane after selecting an item? If you don't see an item pane at all, you've simply closed it. You can reopen it from the View menu by going to View → Layout and enabling “Item Pane”. If you do see the item pane but don't see any tabs, you've selected either an attachment or a note in the Zotero items list. Attachments and notes do not have full bibliographic metadata and cannot have other items attached to them, so you will not see the Info, Notes, Attachmen… text/html 2017-11-22T15:04:50+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/missing_link_and_snapshot_buttons?rev=1511381090&do=diff This article applies to the deprecated Zotero for Firefox (pre-Zotero 5.0) plugin. It no longer applies to the current versions of Zotero. Where are the link and snapshot buttons in Zotero 2.0? The separate link and snapshot buttons were removed from the Zotero toolbar in Zotero 2.0, but equivalent functionality still exists through the use of the Create New Item from Current Page button. text/html 2019-10-18T23:20:50+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/missing_linked_file?rev=1571455250&do=diff Why can't Zotero find a linked file? There are a few possible reasons why a linked file might not be found: * The file was moved or deleted outside of Zotero. Find the file and move it back to its original location, or use the Locate button in the File Not Found dialog to point Zotero to the new location. text/html 2019-10-31T04:56:56+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/missing_stored_file?rev=1572512216&do=diff Why can't Zotero find a stored file? There are a few reasons why a stored file might not be found: * You created the file on another computer and it hasn't yet synced to this computer. See Files Not Syncing. * The individual file was moved or deleted outside of Zotero. You can use the Locate button in the File Not Found dialog to select the file. When using Locate, if you select a file that was renamed within the original storage directory, Zotero will update the database to point to the n… text/html 2025-02-14T12:16:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/moving_documents_between_word_processors?rev=1739553367&do=diff Moving Documents with Zotero Citations Between Word Processors If you use the Zotero word processor plugin to add citations to your document and then open the document in another word processor, the Zotero citation links will be lost. To retain active Zotero citations when moving between programs, you can use the plugin to convert the document to a temporary format that can be safely transferred and then restore it in another supported word processor. text/html 2023-08-06T01:49:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/multiple_instances?rev=1691300999&do=diff How can I open multiple instances of Zotero and save to or cite from a specific instance? You can start multiple instances of Zotero at the same time as long as they're pointing to different profile and data directories. On Windows and Linux, the -no-remote command-line flag may also be required. Additional configuration may be required for browser and word processor integration, as described below. text/html 2023-06-13T05:37:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/multiple_profiles?rev=1686649020&do=diff How can I use multiple profiles in Zotero? Zotero allows you to create multiple profiles, each with its own settings and associated data directory. This is an advanced configuration and not recommended for most users, but if you're familiar with using multiple profiles in Firefox, Zotero works the same way and supports the same command-line flags. text/html 2017-11-22T05:27:39+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/multiprocess_firefox?rev=1511346459&do=diff Does Zotero work with Multiprocess Firefox (a.k.a. Electrolysis, e10s)? The Zotero Connector, available from the the , is compatible with e10s, and allows you to save from Firefox to the Zotero desktop program. text/html 2017-11-22T07:57:53+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/name_parsing?rev=1511355473&do=diff How does Zotero parse things in the name fields? There are actually three parts to the story of names in Zotero (“creators”, in techie lingo): * Creator types; * Field mode; and * Name-part parsing. Each of these topics is covered below. The first two are very simple. text/html 2024-09-24T18:29:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/newer_db_version?rev=1727216986&do=diff Why am I getting a database version error? After reinstalling or downgrading Zotero, you may see the following error message when you you try to open Zotero: This version of Zotero is older than the version last used with your database. Please upgrade to the latest version from zotero.org. text/html 2017-12-01T16:41:36+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/no_address_bar_icon?rev=1512164496&do=diff Why don't I see a Zotero icon in the address bar when viewing a webpage? If you've used Zotero for Firefox previously and no longer see a Zotero save icon in the Firefox address bar, note that the button is now always present in the Firefox toolbar. See text/html 2017-11-19T10:40:58+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/no_firefox_open_save_option?rev=1511106058&do=diff Why do I no longer see a Save to Zotero option in the Firefox open/save dialog? Mozilla no longer allows extensions to modify built-in Firefox dialogs in this way. To save a PDF from the Zotero Connector, go to the Applications pane of the Firefox preferences ( text/html 2024-12-16T23:51:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/no_toolbar_button?rev=1734411064&do=diff Why is there no save button in my browser toolbar? The Zotero Connector places a save icon — representing the content it recognized on the page you're viewing (book, journal article, webpage) — to the right of the address bar in your browser toolbar: text/html 2017-12-19T11:41:28+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/no_toolbar_in_word_2008_plugin?rev=1513701688&do=diff Where is the Zotero toolbar in Word for Mac 2008? The Zotero for Word for Mac 2008 doesn't offer a toolbar, instead adding a “Zotero” entry to the AppleScript menu (the manuscript icon to the right of the Help menu): Most menu commands are also available through shortcut keys. text/html 2017-11-20T09:38:01+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/non-western_characters?rev=1511188681&do=diff Does Zotero support non-Western characters? Yes, Zotero is Unicode-compliant and can process non-Western characters. kb basics text/html 2017-11-12T19:53:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/online_library_empty?rev=1510534410&do=diff Why don't I see my library when I log into the Zotero website? When you create a library using the Zotero Firefox extension, data is saved to your own computer. Your library will not appear on zotero.org unless you sync your library with the Zotero server. To view your local library, click the Zotero icon in the Firefox status bar or select Zotero from the Firefox Tools menu. text/html 2017-11-22T13:47:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/opening_and_closing_zotero?rev=1511376479&do=diff This article applies to the deprecated Zotero for Firefox (pre-Zotero 5.0) plugin. It no longer applies to the current versions of Zotero. How do I open and close my Zotero pane? Click on the Zotero icon at the bottom of your Mozilla Firefox browser window to open the pane. You can add a Zotero icon to your toolbar at the top of your browser window by clicking on View → Toolbars → Customize. You can close the pane by clicking the Zotero icon (either in toolbar or on bottom of your browser win… text/html 2017-11-22T13:46:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/opening_snapshots_in_a_new_tab?rev=1511376375&do=diff This article applies to the deprecated Zotero for Firefox (pre-Zotero 5.0) plugin. It no longer applies to the current versions of Zotero. Can I open snapshots in a new tab or window? (Zotero for Firefox) Yes. When you double click a snapshot in your Zotero library, or right-click the snapshot and select text/html 2020-10-11T15:08:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/organizing_a_library?rev=1602443292&do=diff What ways can I organize and manage my collections? “My Library” holds every item in your library. To organize these items, you can create collections and subcollections on the left side of the Zotero window. Note that items can belong to multiple collections; it is best to think of collections as more like text/html 2017-11-22T15:37:44+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/outlining_with_notes?rev=1511383064&do=diff How do I organize my notes into an outline? See Using Reports to Organize Your Notes. kb organizing text/html 2024-08-20T07:00:08+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/page_not_recognized?rev=1724151608&do=diff Why doesn't the Zotero Connector offer to save complete data from a webpage? The Zotero Connector senses information on webpages through site translators, and the save button in the browser toolbar will feature an icon for a given type (book, newspaper article, etc.) if a site translator recognizes the page being viewed: text/html 2017-11-22T13:03:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/portable_firefox?rev=1511373839&do=diff See Portable Zotero. text/html 2024-07-30T01:05:50+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/portable_zotero?rev=1722315950&do=diff Can I still use Zotero if I can't install programs on my computer? On Windows, you can cancel the admin prompt when you install Zotero, and it will perform a local installation that you will have permission to update as a local user. We also provide a ZIP version of Zotero for Windows that you can extract and run from any folder. The ZIP version doesn't automatically register Zotero as a handler for various file types (e.g., RIS files), so we recommend using the installer if possible. text/html 2025-02-15T02:24:48+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/preferences?rev=1739604288&do=diff How do I change Zotero settings? The Zotero Settings menu is located in the “Zotero” menu on Mac and in the “File” menu on Windows and Linux. kb basics text/html 2020-01-22T19:18:27+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/preventing_title_casing_for_non-english_titles?rev=1579738707&do=diff How do I prevent title casing of non-English titles in bibliographies? Some CSL citation styles, such as the Chicago Manual of Style styles, convert titles to title case. However, title casing is specific to English. To prevent non-English titles from being title cased, specify the language of the corresponding item in your Zotero library using the text/html 2017-11-22T16:02:57+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/printing_references_and_notes?rev=1511384577&do=diff How do I print my Zotero references and notes? Select the collection or items you would like to print out in your report with your cursor and then right click on them (ctrl-click on a Mac). Select “Generate report from selected item.” A report featuring all of your Zotero information should pop up in your browser. If there are any notes associated with individual items or collections, those will be included with the report. text/html 2025-01-23T02:59:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/profile_directory?rev=1737619170&do=diff Profile directory location Zotero Zotero's profile system is based on the Firefox profile system. You can find your Zotero profile directory in the following location: Mac /Users/<username>/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/<randomstring> Windows 11/10/8/7/Vista text/html 2025-01-31T02:23:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/proxy_troubleshooting?rev=1738308223&do=diff Why can't I access a proxied site when the Zotero Connector is enabled? When you attempt to access a site that you've previously accessed through a proxy server, the Zotero Connector can . If a site is inaccessible through your browser when the Zotero Connector is enabled but works in other browsers or when the Connector is disabled, there may be a problem with a proxy setting that the Connector has stored. text/html 2021-11-17T02:51:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/repeated_conflicts?rev=1637135481&do=diff Why does Zotero keep asking me to reconcile the same conflicts whenever I sync? First, be sure you're not cancelling the conflict resolution process: you need to click Next/Finish in the bottom-right corner of the conflict resolution window after making each change. If you don't see a Next/Finish button, you may need to enlarge the window. (This should only be an issue on computers with low-resolution screens.) text/html 2017-11-20T09:00:33+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/requesting_styles_for_editors?rev=1511186433&do=diff I'm the publisher/editor of a journal. What can I do to have Zotero support our style? Fantastic! You are the perfect person to get your style supported and approved. Zotero uses the Citation Style Language (CSL). By helping to create a CSL style, you also create a style that can be used by text/html 2017-11-22T13:46:49+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/resizing_the_zotero_pane?rev=1511376409&do=diff This article applies to the deprecated Zotero for Firefox (pre-Zotero 5.0) plugin. It no longer applies to the current versions of Zotero. How do I change the size of my Zotero pane? You can toggle between a full screen and a smaller screen by clicking on the toggle icon on the right side of the Zotero pane. You can also click and drag your Zotero pane to resize it. You can place your Zotero pane either at the bottom of your page or at the top by clicking on the Zotero gear icon and selecting … text/html 2020-01-14T18:56:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/rich_text_bibliography?rev=1579046203&do=diff How do I use rich text formatting, like italics and sub/superscript, in titles? You can apply rich text formatting by manually adding the following HTML-like tags to fields in your Zotero library: * <i> and </i> for italics * <b> and </b> for bold text/html 2017-11-22T15:09:06+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/saving_work?rev=1511381346&do=diff How do I save my work? Zotero automatically saves everything as you enter it. kb entry text/html 2025-12-18T16:12:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/screen_reader_usage?rev=1766092350&do=diff Using Zotero with Screen Readers We regularly test Zotero for accessibility with VoiceOver on macOS and with NVDA and JAWS on Windows. There are some settings and best practices for different screen readers that will help them work well with Zotero. Based on our testing, below are settings that are likely to work for each screen reader, along with known issues with some of them. text/html 2017-11-20T08:57:03+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/secondary_citation?rev=1511186223&do=diff How do you cite a secondary source in Zotero? Sometimes, one may wish to cite a secondary source. For example, * British Foreign Office, FO371, FO Minute, 30 March 1943, A3068/4/2. Vol 22507, quoted in Bryce Wood, Dismantling the Good Neighbor Policy, (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985), 18 text/html 2025-09-16T11:59:27+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/sentence_casing?rev=1758038367&do=diff How do I get titles to show up in sentence case in bibliographies? Some citation styles, such as APA, require the use of sentence case for titles (e.g., “Oxidation and reduction of iron by acidophilic bacteria”). Others, like the Chicago Manual of Style, require title case ( text/html 2017-11-22T13:47:29+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/sharing_data_directory?rev=1511376449&do=diff This article applies to the deprecated Zotero for Firefox (pre-Zotero 5.0) plugin. It no longer applies to the current versions of Zotero. Sharing data directory between Zotero Standalone and Zotero for Firefox When you install both Zotero Standalone and Zotero for Firefox, you will be asked if you want to share your data directory. The general recommendation is to respond text/html 2025-10-18T17:19:34+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/site_access_limits?rev=1760822374&do=diff Google Scholar (or some other site) locked me out after using Zotero to save items. What happened? When saving multiple items, Zotero users will occasionally push the limits of what Google Scholar, or any other Zotero-compatible database (e.g., ProQuest), wants an individual to access in a given period of time. When this happens, saving to Zotero may fail, and when browsing the site you may start seeing CAPTCHAs or messages about making automated requests. text/html 2024-03-29T06:34:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/site_certificate_info?rev=1711708463&do=diff Viewing Site Certificate Information When encountering security certificate errors in Zotero, viewing the certificate information for zotero.org or another affected domain in your web browser may provide more details on what is causing the problem on your system. If you share this information in the Zotero Forums, we may be able to help identify what is interfering (or it may be self-explanatory, based on, for example, the name of your institution or security software on your system). text/html 2017-11-22T15:13:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/snapshot_is_unreadable?rev=1511381594&do=diff My snapshot is unreadable because flash ads appear on top of article text. How do I get a better snapshot? Look for a printer friendly version, then save the snapshot. Print versions of articles usually only have one ad on top and their snapshots are easier to read. text/html 2017-11-20T13:30:48+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/snapshot_only_captures_first_page?rev=1511202648&do=diff A snapshot only captures the first of multiple pages of a New York Times article. How do I get Zotero to capture the full article? The web snapshot feature only captures the current page. Many sites, like the New York Times, will only display part of the document you are interested in on the first page. A general rule for working around this issue is to look for a printer friendly version. This will generate a page that has all of the document available on one page. You can now capture the ful… text/html 2017-11-22T16:06:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/socks_proxy?rev=1511384774&do=diff How can I use Zotero with a SOCKS proxy? Zotero can be configured to use a SOCKS proxy. This is useful when you have set up a local port forwarding to your institution's servers. If you only configure your browser to use the proxy, Zotero Connector may fail to download the full-text files of references you save because it will not download them via your institution's servers. text/html 2017-11-22T15:39:44+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/sorting_notes?rev=1511383184&do=diff How do I sort my notes by page number? Notes are sorted alphabetically by default, so you can start each note with the page number, adding leading zeros, i.e. [002], [045], [367]. For multiple notes from the same page, enter [367a], [367b], etc. Note: text/html 2024-09-27T16:17:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/ssl_certificate_error?rev=1727468220&do=diff "[domain] uses an invalid security certificate." The above or a similar message generally indicates that something on your computer or network is intercepting and possibly monitoring your connection to the internet. (If you're getting a certificate error for a proxy or WebDAV text/html 2025-08-09T23:30:38+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/storage_quota_and_local_storage?rev=1754796638&do=diff Why is Zotero still saying that my storage is full after I upgraded my storage plan or deleted files? If you're trying to free up Zotero Storage space, first make sure you've emptied the trash in Zotero. Files still count against your storage quota until they've been permanently removed from the trash. text/html 2017-11-22T15:08:51+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/storing_files?rev=1511381331&do=diff How do I attach a file or web page to an item? After adding an item to your library, click on the Attachments tab in the right-hand section of the Zotero pane. A pull-down menu will allow you to add a link to a file stored elsewhere on your hard disk, copy a file to your Zotero storage directory, add a link to the current web page, or save a snapshot of the current web page. text/html 2018-10-28T12:10:37+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/style_standards?rev=1540743037&do=diff Standard Citation Styles Professional associations produce style guides in order to standardise citation methods in their field. These standards should be adhered to, unless there is a very good reason to use or create another style. Below is a list of some professional association style guides. Corresponding CSL styles for most of them are at the text/html 2017-11-12T19:53:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/style_wrong?rev=1510534410&do=diff Integrated into the page. text/html 2024-08-21T11:04:56+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/switching_accounts?rev=1724252696&do=diff How can I switch the Zotero desktop app to a different Zotero account? A Zotero database can only be synced with a single Zotero account. Once you set up syncing for a given database in the Sync pane of the Zotero preferences, it's no longer possible to sync that database with another account. If you unlink your account and attempt to set up syncing with a different account, Zotero will warn you that all local data will be removed if you continue. This prevents data from different accounts fro… text/html 2018-04-25T01:10:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/switching_between_programs?rev=1524633004&do=diff How can I quickly switch between Zotero and my browser, PDF viewer, and/or word processor? While you may be tempted to minimize windows or move them around on your screen to view the windows behind them, that's almost never the fastest option. To quickly move between open programs, text/html 2017-11-22T05:29:45+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/sync_queuing?rev=1511346585&do=diff This documentation page has been removed. Starting in version 5.0, Zotero uses a new sync architecture that does not queue uploads. text/html 2021-03-22T02:58:44+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/sync_reset_options?rev=1616396324&do=diff Zotero Sync Reset Options This page documents the special sync operations available from the Sync → Reset pane of the Zotero preferences. Please note: These operations are for use only in rare, specific situations and are not necessary during normal usage or for general troubleshooting. In many cases, resetting will cause additional problems. If you're not sure what these options do, please ask for help on the text/html 2017-11-19T10:35:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/tei?rev=1511105704&do=diff Zotero and the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) The Text Encoding Initiative is a consortium that curates an international standard for the XML markup of texts. The standard enjoys broad support among libraries, museums, publishers, and scholars. Web-based TEI-compliant documents are found in increasing numbers online. text/html 2022-07-16T05:16:42+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/test_builds?rev=1657963002&do=diff Zotero Test Builds Test builds of Zotero (also known as ‘dev’-channel builds) are intended for one-off testing of specific non-public changes that haven't yet been rolled out to a beta build or . Test builds are not regularly updated and may not be stable, and you should use them only when a Zotero developer asks you to test a specific change. Do not use a test build for production work. text/html 2022-11-15T22:37:40+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/transferring_a_library?rev=1668569860&do=diff How can I move my Zotero library to a different computer? Option A: Use Zotero Sync The easiest way to transfer your library between between computers is by using Zotero Sync. Set up syncing from the Sync pane of the Zotero preferences, making sure you use the same username on all computers. text/html 2019-10-19T23:30:36+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/unable_to_load_translators_and_styles?rev=1571542236&do=diff “Zotero was unable to load translators and styles.” If you receive the above error at startup, Zotero wasn't able to load or update site translators or citation styles. Functionality that depends on these files, such as word processor integration, will likely not work until the problem is resolved. text/html 2023-01-13T06:07:34+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/uninstalling_the_word_processor_plugin?rev=1673608054&do=diff How do I uninstall the Zotero word processor plugins? Word You can uninstall the Word plugin by deleting Zotero.dotm from your Word Startup folder and restarting Word. LibreOffice You can uninstall the LibreOffice plugin by going to Tools → “Extension Manager… text/html 2020-06-12T18:58:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/uninstalling?rev=1592002739&do=diff How do I uninstall Zotero? You can uninstall Zotero like any program on your computer. The Zotero data directory is not removed when you uninstall Zotero. You can uninstall the Zotero Connector from your browser's Extensions pane. To uninstall the Zotero word processor plugins, see text/html 2025-02-07T00:39:51+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/unknown_data_error?rev=1738906791&do=diff Why is Zotero telling me that some data could not be downloaded? If you or someone in a group you're a member of have used a newer version of Zotero on another computer, you may receive this warning when syncing Zotero: “Some data in Zotero could not be downloaded. It may have been saved with a newer version of Zotero. text/html 2023-05-27T16:54:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/unlinking_citations?rev=1685220849&do=diff How do I unlink all Zotero citations in a document? Before submitting a document that you created with Zotero, you should always unlink Zotero citations so that only flat text is left in the document. This avoids distracting highlights and can prevent problems with publishing pipelines. text/html 2017-11-22T13:48:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/unresponsive_script_warning?rev=1511376494&do=diff This article applies to the deprecated Zotero for Firefox (pre-Zotero 5.0) plugin. It no longer applies to the current versions of Zotero. Why am I getting an "unresponsive script warning"? While Zotero is performing long operations, Firefox may display the message: text/html 2018-08-01T06:27:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/updates_not_detected?rev=1533119250&do=diff Why isn't Zotero detecting updates? Updates require Administrator privileges Zotero does not require Administrator privileges for any of its operations and generally does not require them to install updates. If you are asked for a password or for Administrator privileges during Zotero update, one of two things is occurring: text/html 2020-09-25T12:09:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/uppercase_subtitles?rev=1601050183&do=diff Why isn't the first letter of a subtitle in uppercase in bibliographies? Some styles that require sentence case, such as APA, also require that the first letter of the subtitle following a colon also be uppercase (“Age and environmental sustainability: A meta-analysis text/html 2017-11-22T13:26:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/user_interface_language?rev=1511375173&do=diff How do I change the language of Zotero's user interface? See . kb basics text/html 2021-05-12T16:36:08+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/using_multiple_computers?rev=1620851768&do=diff How can I access my library from multiple computers? Can I store my Zotero library and associated files on an external drive? The best way to access your Zotero library from multiple computers is to use Zotero syncing. Zotero syncing will automatically sync your library data using the Zotero servers. Attachment files can be synced using the Zotero servers or using a third-party text/html 2025-11-04T15:23:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/watch_folder?rev=1762287791&do=diff Why doesn't Zotero have a “watch folder” feature? People coming from other tools based around a “watch folder” sometimes look for similar functionality in Zotero and are surprised to find it doesn't exist. Zotero is designed around a different workflow from these other tools, and it reflects a bit of a philosophical difference. We don't believe you should have to manually download files and worry about folder paths. Zotero is deeply integrated into the browser where you do most of your researc… text/html 2025-12-15T12:04:54+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/web_vs_desktop?rev=1765818294&do=diff Is the Zotero web library the same as the Zotero desktop app? The is the primary way of using Zotero and offers complete functionality. When people talk about “Zotero”, they're almost always referring to the desktop app. The is a complementary tool for accessing your Zotero data when you're away from your main computer or using a platform that can't run Zotero (locked-down institutional computers, some Chromebooks, etc.). The web library also allows you to share a Zotero library publicly wit… text/html 2024-09-10T08:20:25+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/webdav_and_https?rev=1725970825&do=diff Why can't I connect to a WebDAV server via HTTP on iOS or Android? In current versions of both iOS and Android, non-HTTPS connections are blocked by default. Apps that want to allow unencrypted connections have to specifically do so and list which domains to allow them for, and the apps may face increased review scrutiny. Since anyone can get a free certificate through text/html 2025-07-08T11:18:57+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/webdav_services?rev=1751987937&do=diff List of WebDAV services This page contains a list of WebDAV services which provide a free plan and which users have reported success using with Zotero. Free plans may have some limitations. All service providers also offer larger and less limited paid plans. The list is not exhaustive. Service providers not listed here may still work with Zotero. text/html 2025-01-16T00:27:25+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/word_default_font?rev=1737005245&do=diff References appear in the wrong font in Word/LibreOffice The word processor plug-ins apply the “Default” (LibreOffice) or “Normal”/“Standard” (Word) style to generated citations and the paragraph in which they are inserted. The bibliography is rendered in a different style — text/html 2024-09-03T00:50:55+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/word_field_codes?rev=1725339055&do=diff Why do I see code beginning with ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION in my document instead of formatted citations? By default, Zotero stores the reference data for citations and the bibliography in Fields (Word) or Reference Marks (LibreOffice), which stores items' reference data hidden behind the formatted text. text/html 2024-12-14T13:04:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/word_processor_plugin_installation_error?rev=1734199462&do=diff Troubleshooting Errors with Word Processor Plugin Installation Follow the steps below for , , or if you receive an error trying to install the word processor plugin. For general troubleshooting see Word Processor Plugin Troubleshooting. Word for Windows Zotero will automatically try to install the Word plugin and keep it up to date. You can force automatic installation at any time by going to the Zotero settings → Cite → Word Processors and pressing text/html 2023-05-17T06:03:52+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/zotero_and_firewalls?rev=1684317832&do=diff What connections do I need to allow through a firewall for Zotero to work properly? While Zotero is a local program that can be used without internet access, it should generally be given the same access that browsers on the system have. Without such access, much of its functionality will be broken. text/html 2021-08-18T10:26:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/zotero_and_wikipedia?rev=1629296770&do=diff Zotero and Wikipedia/ Wikidata Wikipedia Zotero can be a powerful tool for Wikipedia users, be they casual visitors or regular contributors. By incorporating print-based references, Wikipedia users are able lend greater credibility to their articles and provide readers with a broader reference base, forging new relationships between online and offline resources. Wikipedia employs its own format for bibliographic citations, known as text/html 2026-04-06T11:15:41+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/zotero_connector_and_safari?rev=1775488541&do=diff Zotero Connector and Safari Installation The Zotero Connector for Safari is bundled with the Zotero desktop app. (Unlike other browsers, Safari does not allow direct installation of browser extensions.) After opening Zotero for the first time, you can enable the Zotero Connector from the Extensions pane of the Safari settings ( text/html 2017-11-22T13:47:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/zotero_pane_not_opening?rev=1511376427&do=diff This article applies to the deprecated Zotero for Firefox (pre-Zotero 5.0) plugin. It no longer applies to the current versions of Zotero. Zotero doesn't open when I click the Zotero status bar icon or select "Zotero" from the Firefox Tools menu. Disable all other Firefox extensions, beginning with text/html 2025-12-26T12:22:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/zotero_version?rev=1766769742&do=diff What version of Zotero do I have? Zotero You can check your Zotero version by selecting About Zotero from the Zotero menu (Mac) or Help menu (Windows/Linux). Make sure you have the latest version listed on the changelog. You can upgrade to the latest version of Zotero via Help text/html 2022-04-03T05:28:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.zotero.org/support/kb/zotfile_extract_annotations?rev=1648978110&do=diff Where did the Extract Annotations button go? “Extract Annotations” was a feature of the third-party ZotFile plugin. In Zotero 6, that feature has been replaced by Zotero's own advanced PDF functionality. You can create a note from all of an item's annotations by right-clicking an item in the items list and selecting