<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<style xmlns="http://purl.org/net/xbiblio/csl" version="1.0" class="in-text" demote-non-dropping-particle="sort-only" page-range-format="expanded" default-locale="en-GB">
  <info>
    <title>Lancaster University (author-date/Harvard)</title>
    <id>http://www.zotero.org/styles/lancaster-university-harvard</id>
    <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/lancaster-university-harvard" rel="self"/>
    <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/imperial-college-london-author-date" rel="template"/>
    <link href="http://lancaster.libguides.com/harvard/" rel="documentation"/>
    <link href="https://lancaster.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=32483134" rel="documentation"/>
    <author>
      <name>Andy Hartland</name>
    </author>
    <category citation-format="author-date"/>
    <summary>The Harvard author-date style - adapted for Lancaster University</summary>
    <updated>2026-01-25T22:16:24+00:00</updated>
    <rights license="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</rights>
  </info>
  <macro name="accessed">
    <choose>
      <if variable="DOI URL" match="any">
        <group prefix="[" suffix="]">
          <text term="accessed" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=": "/>
          <date variable="accessed">
            <date-part name="day" suffix=" "/>
            <date-part name="month" suffix=" "/>
            <date-part name="year"/>
          </date>
        </group>
      </if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="anon">
    <text term="anonymous" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first" strip-periods="true"/>
  </macro>
  <macro name="author">
    <choose>
      <if type="article-magazine article-newspaper" match="any">
        <text macro="author-or-publication"/>
      </if>
      <else>
        <text macro="author-or-editor"/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="author-or-editor">
    <names variable="author">
      <name and="symbol" name-as-sort-order="all" sort-separator=", " initialize-with="." delimiter-precedes-last="never" delimiter=", "/>
      <label form="short" prefix=" "/>
      <substitute>
        <text macro="editor"/>
        <text macro="anon"/>
      </substitute>
    </names>
  </macro>
  <macro name="author-or-publication">
    <names variable="author">
      <name and="symbol" name-as-sort-order="all" sort-separator=", " initialize-with="." delimiter-precedes-last="never" delimiter=", "/>
      <label form="short" prefix=" "/>
      <substitute>
        <text variable="container-title"/>
        <text variable="title"/>
        <text macro="anon"/>
      </substitute>
    </names>
  </macro>
  <macro name="author-short">
    <choose>
      <if type="article-magazine article-newspaper" match="any">
        <text macro="author-short-or-publication"/>
      </if>
      <else>
        <text macro="author-short-or-editor"/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="author-short-or-editor">
    <names variable="author">
      <name form="short" and="text" name-as-sort-order="all" sort-separator=", " initialize-with="." delimiter-precedes-last="never" delimiter=", "/>
      <et-al font-style="italic"/>
      <substitute>
        <text macro="editor-short"/>
        <text macro="anon"/>
      </substitute>
    </names>
  </macro>
  <macro name="author-short-or-publication">
    <names variable="author">
      <name form="short" and="text" name-as-sort-order="all" sort-separator=", " initialize-with="." delimiter-precedes-last="never" delimiter=", "/>
      <et-al font-style="italic"/>
      <substitute>
        <text variable="container-title"/>
        <text variable="title"/>
        <text macro="anon"/>
      </substitute>
    </names>
  </macro>
  <macro name="available">
    <choose>
      <if variable="DOI URL" match="any">
        <choose>
          <if type="article-journal" match="none">
            <group delimiter=": ">
              <text term="available at" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
              <choose>
                <if variable="DOI">
                  <text variable="DOI" prefix="doi:"/>
                </if>
                <else>
                  <text variable="URL"/>
                </else>
              </choose>
            </group>
          </if>
        </choose>
      </if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="editor">
    <names variable="editor">
      <name and="symbol" name-as-sort-order="all" sort-separator=", " initialize-with="." delimiter-precedes-last="never" delimiter=", "/>
      <label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")"/>
    </names>
  </macro>
  <macro name="editor-short">
    <names variable="editor">
      <name form="short" and="text" name-as-sort-order="all" sort-separator=", " initialize-with="." delimiter-precedes-last="never" delimiter=", "/>
    </names>
  </macro>
  <macro name="editor-or-publisher">
    <choose>
      <if variable="editor">
        <text macro="editor"/>
      </if>
      <else-if variable="publisher">
        <text variable="publisher"/>
      </else-if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="edition">
    <choose>
      <if is-numeric="edition">
        <group delimiter=" ">
          <number variable="edition" form="ordinal"/>
          <text term="edition" form="short" strip-periods="true"/>
        </group>
      </if>
      <else>
        <text variable="edition"/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="event">
    <group delimiter=". ">
      <text variable="event"/>
      <text macro="event-date"/>
      <text macro="event-place"/>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="event-conference">
    <group delimiter=". ">
      <text variable="event"/>
      <group delimiter=", ">
        <text macro="event-place"/>
        <text macro="event-date-year"/>
      </group>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="event-date">
    <choose>
      <if variable="event-date">
        <date variable="event-date" delimiter=" ">
          <date-part name="month" form="short" range-delimiter="-" strip-periods="true"/>
          <date-part name="day" form="numeric" range-delimiter="-"/>
        </date>
      </if>
      <else>
        <date variable="issued" delimiter=" ">
          <date-part name="month" form="short" range-delimiter="-" strip-periods="true"/>
          <date-part name="day" form="numeric" range-delimiter="-"/>
        </date>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="event-date-year">
    <choose>
      <if variable="event-date">
        <group delimiter=", ">
          <date variable="event-date" delimiter=" ">
            <date-part name="month" form="short" range-delimiter="-" strip-periods="true"/>
            <date-part name="day" form="numeric" range-delimiter="-"/>
          </date>
          <date variable="event-date" date-parts="year" form="numeric"/>
        </group>
      </if>
      <else>
        <group delimiter=", ">
          <date variable="issued" delimiter=" ">
            <date-part name="month" form="short" range-delimiter="-" strip-periods="true"/>
            <date-part name="day" form="numeric" range-delimiter="-"/>
          </date>
          <date variable="issued" date-parts="year" form="numeric"/>
        </group>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="event-place">
    <choose>
      <if variable="event-place">
        <text variable="event-place"/>
      </if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="genre">
    <choose>
      <if variable="genre" match="none"/>
      <else-if type="thesis">
        <text variable="genre" suffix=". "/>
      </else-if>
      <else-if type="paper-conference"/>
      <else-if variable="event">
        <text variable="genre" suffix=" for "/>
      </else-if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="issued-day">
    <date variable="issued" delimiter=" ">
      <date-part name="day"/>
      <date-part name="month" form="short" strip-periods="true"/>
    </date>
  </macro>
  <macro name="medium">
    <choose>
      <if type="book chapter" match="any">
        <text macro="medium-online"/>
      </if>
      <else-if type="report" match="any">
        <text macro="medium-format"/>
      </else-if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="medium-format">
    <group prefix="[" suffix="]">
      <text variable="medium"/>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="medium-online">
    <choose>
      <if variable="DOI URL" match="any">
        <text value="[Online]"/>
      </if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="pages-label">
    <group>
      <label variable="page" form="short"/>
      <text variable="page"/>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="part">
    <choose>
      <if type="article-magazine article-newspaper" match="any">
        <text macro="part-media"/>
      </if>
      <else-if type="paper-conference" match="any">
        <text macro="part-paper-conference"/>
      </else-if>
      <else-if type="book chapter" match="any">
        <text macro="part-monograph"/>
      </else-if>
      <else-if type="webpage">
        <text macro="part-webpage"/>
      </else-if>
      <else-if variable="event">
        <text macro="event"/>
      </else-if>
      <else>
        <text macro="part-article"/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="part-article">
    <group delimiter=", ">
      <text variable="container-title" font-style="italic"/>
      <group>
        <text variable="volume"/>
        <group prefix="(" suffix=")">
          <text variable="issue"/>
        </group>
      </group>
      <text variable="page"/>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="part-media">
    <group delimiter=". ">
      <group delimiter=", ">
        <text variable="container-title" font-style="italic"/>
        <text macro="issued-day"/>
      </group>
      <text macro="pages-label"/>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="part-monograph">
    <choose>
      <if variable="container-title">
        <text term="in" suffix=": " text-case="capitalize-first"/>
        <group delimiter=" ">
          <text macro="editor-or-publisher"/>
          <text variable="container-title" font-style="italic"/>
          <text variable="collection-title"/>
          <text variable="collection-number"/>
        </group>
      </if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="part-paper-conference">
    <text term="in" suffix=": " text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    <group delimiter=", ">
      <text macro="editor-or-publisher"/>
      <text macro="event-conference"/>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="part-webpage">
    <choose>
      <if variable="title" match="none">
        <text variable="container-title" font-style="italic"/>
      </if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="publisher">
    <choose>
      <if type="article article-journal" match="any">
        <text macro="publisher-article"/>
      </if>
      <else-if type="paper-conference">
        <text macro="publisher-monograph"/>
      </else-if>
      <else-if variable="event"/>
      <else>
        <text macro="publisher-monograph"/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="publisher-article">
    <choose>
      <if variable="publisher">
        <text variable="publisher"/>
      </if>
      <else-if variable="archive">
        <text variable="archive"/>
      </else-if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="publisher-monograph">
    <group delimiter=": ">
      <text variable="publisher-place"/>
      <text variable="publisher"/>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="title">
    <choose>
      <if type="paper-conference">
        <text macro="title-paper-conference"/>
      </if>
      <else-if variable="event">
        <text macro="title-event"/>
      </else-if>
      <else>
        <group delimiter=" " suffix=". ">
          <choose>
            <if type="webpage">
              <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
            </if>
            <else-if variable="container-title">
              <text variable="title"/>
            </else-if>
            <else-if variable="event">
              <text macro="title-event"/>
            </else-if>
            <else>
              <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
            </else>
          </choose>
          <text macro="title-editor"/>
        </group>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="title-editor">
    <choose>
      <if variable="container-title" match="none">
        <text macro="editor"/>
      </if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="title-event">
    <choose>
      <if variable="genre">
        <text variable="title" suffix=". "/>
      </if>
      <else>
        <text variable="title" suffix=", for "/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="title-paper-conference">
    <group delimiter=" " suffix=". ">
      <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
      <text macro="title-editor"/>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="year">
    <choose>
      <if variable="issued">
        <date variable="issued" date-parts="year" form="numeric"/>
      </if>
      <else-if variable="event-date">
        <date variable="event-date" date-parts="year" form="numeric"/>
      </else-if>
      <else>
        <text term="no date" form="short"/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <citation et-al-min="3" et-al-use-first="1" disambiguate-add-year-suffix="true" collapse="year">
    <layout prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter="; ">
      <group delimiter=", ">
        <text macro="author-short"/>
        <text macro="year"/>
        <group>
          <label variable="locator" form="short" suffix=" "/>
          <text variable="locator"/>
        </group>
      </group>
    </layout>
  </citation>
  <bibliography hanging-indent="false" et-al-min="3" et-al-use-first="1">
    <sort>
      <key macro="author"/>
      <key macro="year"/>
      <key variable="title"/>
    </sort>
    <layout>
      <text macro="author"/>
      <text macro="year" prefix=" (" suffix=") "/>
      <text macro="title"/>
      <text macro="genre"/>
      <group delimiter=". " suffix=".">
        <text macro="part"/>
        <text macro="edition"/>
        <text macro="medium"/>
        <text macro="publisher"/>
      </group>
      <text macro="available" prefix=" "/>
      <text macro="accessed" prefix=" " suffix="."/>
    </layout>
  </bibliography>
</style>
